Eye cataract is one of the most common diseases of the vision system of elderly people, which is either partial or full clouding of the eye's lens.

An adult's lens is a transparent, semi-solid, non-vascular biological structure within the eye, which is a biconvex lens that enables you to perform, refract and concentrate the light rays on the retina by adjusting its shape. The lens is located behind the iris in the anterior part of the eye just before the vitreous.

With a loss of transparency (slight opacification) of the lens, a small part of the light rays penetrate the eye, leading to blurring and blurring of the image, and with extreme distortion and a substantial loss of clarity in the lens, visual acuity is reduced considerably.

Types of Cataract

Cataract can be: congenital (hereditary) and acquired at the time of occurrence. The acquired cataracts are classified into: senile (i.e., age-related), traumatic, radiant, hazardous, complicated (occurring with concurrent vision organ diseases) and caused by general body diseases.

Causes of Cataracts

Clouding of the lens (cataract) can occur at any age and factors predisposing to the occurrence of cataracts are quite extensive:

•    Body aging;
•    Hereditary predisposition;
•    Eye injuries (concussion, penetrating wounds);
•    Inflammatory eye diseases;
•    Concomitant eye diseases (glaucoma, high myopia, etc.);
•    Chemical, ultraviolet, ionizing or radiation effects on the body;
•    Endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, etc.);
•    Immune and metabolic disorders, etc.

Symptoms of Cataract

The main symptom of cataracts is blurred vision, followed by a decrease in visual acuity.

But, the following symptoms may also occur:

• Ghosting;
• The appearance of a halo around a light source;
• Color vision impairment;
• Night vision impairment;
• Stages of senile (age-related) cataract.

Opacification of the eye lens occurs at the periphery of an original cataract, and the optical region becomes translucent.

Immature cataract-darkness begins affecting the optical field. This leads to a visual acuity which is already measurable.

Mature cataracts-clouding happens all over the material of the lens. The visual acuity is greatly diminished, and only the perception of light will remain.

Overripe cataract-the lens fibers degrade at this point, the lens material dilutes and the lens acquires a milky white hue.

All cataract levels, except the "initial" phase, require surgical care.

Cataract Diagnosis

To establish a diagnosis of cataracts, a wide ophthalmological examination is necessary, including:

• Visometry (determination of visual acuity);
• Ophthalmometry (measuring the radii of curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea and its refractive power in different meridians);
• Refractometry (determination of the optical power of the eye - refraction);
• Perimetry (determination of peripheral vision);
• Tonometry (determination of intraocular pressure);
• Biometrics (determining the depth of the anterior chamber, the thickness of the lens, the length of the eye);
• Biomicroscopy (examination of tissues and media of the eye using a slit lamp);
• Ophthalmoscopy (fundus examination).

These research methods allow the degree of cataract maturity to be diagnosed, concomitant eye diseases to be established, treatment techniques to be created, the strength of the artificial lens to be measured when removing it, and the prognosis of visual functions to be determined in the early and long term after treatment.
 

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