There are many types of eye injuries. They can be household, industrial, criminal, agricultural, children's, military. It can also be due to chemical or thermal burns. Injuries can vary in severity, external and penetrating. But in fact visual function deteriorates with any eye injury. 

The most common are occupational eye injuries. They account for more than 70% of all traumatic injuries of the eyeball. Most often they are received by workers involved in metal processing.

Statistics indicate that eye injuries tend to affect men (90 percent) rather than women (10 percent). Children and adolescents under the age of sixteen are observed in 22 per cent of all cases of eye injury. Careless handling of small and small objects typically results in childhood injuries.

Some damage to the vision organ, including those that appear totally harmless at first glance and do not need medical care, can lead to serious effects, up to total loss of visual function and disability.

In the case of eye injuries, ophthalmologists recommend using glasses to correct vision until they are completely healed, since contact lenses themselves are a foreign body and can cause additional trauma to eye tissues.

Depending on the degree of loss of visual function, three degrees of severity of eye injuries are distinguished:

• With a mild degree, visual acuity usually does not suffer;
• In moderate injuries, temporary visual impairment is observed;
• Severe injuries are usually accompanied by a significant and persistent decrease in visual acuity.
• In especially severe cases, the development of complete blindness is not excluded.

Penetrating eye injuries

A violation of the integrity of its shells is observed as penetrating eye injuries. They can be eviscerated, cut or chopped. In this case it causes ptosis, exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia. Such complications suggest deep wounds with damage to the deep eye and blood vessel systems, and injury to the optic nerve is not ruled out.

Purulent complications may occur because of the entry of foreign bodies into the eye. For this respect, the biggest risk is organic matter, or other toxic components.

If a penetrating wound occurs in the limbal region, then depending on the extent and size of the wound, there may develop such a severe complication as the vitreous body prolapse.

When the eye's lens or iris is injured, as well as when the lens bag falls, the lens is easily clouded, and all its fibers swell. In these cases, the development of post-traumatic cataracts takes place throughout the week. The metal fragments which fell into the eye stain their tissues in peculiar colours. The surface of the sclera around the cornea is painted around the foreign body (if it consists of iron) in a rusty-brown colour, in the presence of copper-in yellow or green.

First aid for penetrating eye injuries

Treatment should be carried out by an ophthalmologist. First aid includes the removal of superficially located foreign bodies. To do this, the victim should rinse his eyes with clean boiled water. After this, a bandage covers the eye, and the patient is taken to a hospital. A patient review is performed upon admission to the hospital, with the intention of identifying foreign bodies and determining the position of their exact location. Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy is required after the surgical procedure and the removal of a foreign body. Tetanus toxoid administration is compulsory.

The most serious complication is sympathetic inflammation, it threatens the loss of a healthy eye. Photophobia expresses sympathic inflammation. Then, due to the effusion of fibrin, the iris is bonded with the lens, which leads to complete overgrowth of the pupil. Secondary glaucoma grows against that backdrop, from which the eye dies completely. To prevent the development of healthy eye glaucoma, doctors are forced to resort to removing the injured.

Diseases such as siderosis and chalcosis may grow from a prolonged stay of metal foreign bodies in the tissues of the eye, from which the boundaries of the visual field on the retina are narrowed.

Non-penetrating eye injuries

These injuries are not associated with a violation of the integrity of the membrane of the cornea or sclera. Usually they arise as a result of large particles of sand, small insects, etc. getting into the eyes. In this case, the doctor can easily remove the foreign body under anesthesia. After that, antiseptic solutions wash away the eye. The patient will instill eye drops with antibiotics in the injured eye multiple times a day for several days, and lay antibacterial ointments, including tetracycline, over the eyelid at night.

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